Chiefs who signed were presented with the Queen Victoria medal. Many of the written treaty terms resemble the written terms of Treaty 3 and Treaty 9, including individual annuity payments and a formula for determining each First Nation’s reserve lands.

Sandy Lake First Nation entered into Treaty 5 in 1910, but their current reserve is located in the territory covered by the Treaty 9 Adhesion.

Images of Treaty 5

Transcript of Treaty 5

More information about Treaty 5

 

Treaty 9 Adhesion

Members of Fort Severn First Nation, assembled for the signing of the Treaty 9 adhesion. (Library and Archives Canada)

The adhesion to Treaty 9 was signed in 1929 and 1930 by representatives of certain Cree and Anishinaabe peoples and representatives of the Crown. The adhesion to Treaty 9 extends from the Albany River to Hudson Bay.

After the adhesion, Treaty 9 became the largest treaty area in Ontario.

Current communities in the area include over 20 First Nations and the town of Pickle Lake.

Images of Treaty 9 Adhesion

Transcript of Treaty 9 Adhesion

 

Treaty 35

Joseph White, Chief of the Wyandot of Anderdon, also known as Chief “Mondoron,” signed Treaty 35. (Courtesy of the White family)

Treaty 35 was signed on August 13, 1833, by representatives of the Crown and the Huron-Wendat.

In the mid-seventeenth century, the Huron-Wendat were displaced from the territory between Lake Ontario, Lake Simcoe, and Georgian Bay after wars with other Indigenous peoples. Some Huron-Wendat moved to Lorette, near Quebec City. Others moved to the west and the south, including this treaty area.

Current communities in the area include LaSalle and Amherstburg.

More information about the Huron-Wendat

 

Treaty 82

Nahnebahwequay (Catherine Sutton) was an Anishinaabeg woman who moved to live with the Newash band in Owen Sound in the 1840s. After an absence, she returned in the 1850s and discovered that her farm had been surveyed and laid out in town lots after the signing of Treaty 82. She spent much of the rest of her life fighting for the return of her land and for the rights of Indigenous peoples. She had a personal reception on June 19th, 1860 with Queen Victoria. (Grey Roots Archival Collection)

Treaty 82 was signed on February 9, 1857, by representatives of the Crown and certain Anishinaabe peoples. The territory described in the written Treaty is approximately 4,000 hectares, and covers a strip of land north of the contemporary community of Owen Sound.

The representatives of the Chippewas of Newash signed with their clan or "totem" signature.

Notable signatories to this treaty include R.T. Pennefather, Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, and Rev. Peter Jones, a Mississauga chief, author, and Methodist missionary who translated the Bible into Anishinaabemowin.

Current communities in the area include Kemble.

More information about Nahnebahwequay

Treaty of Manitowaning

Treaty 45

Treaty 45, or the Manitoulin Island Treaty, was signed on August 9, 1836, by representatives of Upper Canada and certain Anishinaabe peoples. The territory described in the written Treaty covers most of Manitoulin Island and the islands along the north shore of Lake Huron.

Archaeological records provide evidence that Indigenous people lived on Manitoulin Island from 9,000 B.C.E. In 1836, the island became home to many more Indigenous peoples, some of whom had moved from other places in Upper Canada.

Current communities in the territory described by the written Treaty include Little Current and Manitowaning.

Transcript of Treaty 45

Williams Treaties

A written page of the Williams Treaty for the Mississaugas of Rice, Mud and Scugog Lakes and Alderville. (Library and Archives Canada)

The Williams Treaties were signed on October 31 and November 15, 1923, by seven Anishinaabe First Nations and representatives of the Crown. A commission was established by Canada and led by Treaty Commissioner A.S. Williams to address lands that had not been surrendered via treaty.

The territory covered by the Williams Treaties stretched from the northern shore of Lake Ontario to Lake Nipissing, and together cover approximately 52,000 km². The geography of the Treaties overlaps with several previous treaties.

Current communities in the area include Huntsville and Bracebridge.

Images of the October signing of the Williams Treaties

Transcript of the October signing of the Williams Treaties

Images of the November signing of the Williams Treaties

Transcript of the November signing of the Williams Treaties

Reserves in Ontario

A reserve is an area of land set aside by the federal government for the use and benefit of a First Nation. You can find a full list of reserves in Ontario on the federal government website.

Limitations

This interactive map was designed for illustrative purposes for educators, students, researchers and the general public to gain a sense of Ontario’s treaty history. Treaties and the treaty relationship are more than what is recorded in historical maps. This map and all accompanying materials are not intended to be a complete source of treaty history and do not replace engagement with local Indigenous peoples.

This map does not purport to reflect actual treaty boundaries and is provided for illustrative purposes only. It is not intended to reflect the position of Ontario nor to constitute any admission or limit Ontario’s rights in any way, and should not be relied on to assess legal rights.

A map of the Provisional Algonquin Settlement Area is available on the Algonquin Land Claim page.

This map was created with data used under license from Geobase, Geogratis, the Ontario Realty Corporation, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, and Members of the Ontario Geospatial Data exchange and data held by the Ministry of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation. The treaty boundaries illustrated for Treaty 3, 1873, Treaty 5, 1875 and Treaty 94, 1862 are those shown on the First Nations and Treaties map produced by the Province of Ontario and the Government of Canada. The treaty boundaries illustrated for areas outside of Ontario are those shown on the Pre-1975 Treaties map produced by the Government of Canada. The remaining treaty boundaries illustrated are based on James L. Morris, Indians of Ontario (Toronto: Dept. of Lands and Forests, 1943).

Converting these maps into a digital map may have resulted in unintentional deviations. For example, Google Maps shows more geographic detail than the printed maps. The Government of Ontario and its ministers, agents and employees disclaim all responsibility for any errors, omissions and inaccuracies in any of these maps, accompanying materials or external links.

Related

Learn about treaties

Videos: Indigenous Voices on Treaties

Current land claims

Algonquin land claim

Updated: January 13, 2022
Published: April 24, 2018